Comprehensive Total Cost of Ownership Quantification for Vehicles with Different Size Classes and Powertrains

This comprehensive multi-laboratory study provides the most detailed analysis of total cost of ownership for medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles across different powertrains. The research examines vehicle cost, depreciation, financing, fuel costs, insurance, maintenance, and operational costs for semi-tractors, medium-duty vans, transit buses, box trucks, utility trucks, and garbage trucks. Key findings show battery electric vehicles have 40% lower maintenance costs than ICE vehicles, and for Class 4 delivery trucks, BEV becomes the lowest cost option by 2025. The study projects that long-haul BEV semi-tractors will become the least expensive powertrain by 2035 as battery prices drop.